1,297 words
Translated by Tomislav Sunic
Ukrainian translation here
Ezra Pound, in his famous Canto XLV With Usura writes:
With usura hath no man a house of good stone
each block cut smooth and well fitting that design might cover their face,
with usura
hath no man a painted paradise on his church wall
. . .
with usura, sin against nature,
is thy bread ever more of stale rags
is thy bread dry as paper
with no mountain wheat, no strong flour
with usura the line grows thick
with usura is no clear demarcation
and no man can find site for his dwelling.
stone cutter is kept from his stone
weaver is kept from his loom
. . .
Corpses are set to banquet
at behest of usura.
The excesses of money lending were condemned in Rome, as was witnessed by Cato, who also wrote that if the thieves of sacred objects deserve double punishment, the usurers deserve quadruple punishment. Aristotle (Politics I, X) in his denouncement of the chrematistics, i.e., the obsession with money matters, seems to be even more radical:
There are two sorts of wealth-getting, as I have said; one is a part of household management, the other is retail trade: the former necessary and honorable, while that which consists in exchange is justly censured; for it is unnatural, and a mode by which men gain from one another. The most hated sort, and with the greatest reason, is usury, which makes a gain out of money itself, and not from the natural object of it. For money was intended to be used in exchange, but not to increase at interest. And this term interest, which means the birth of money from money, is applied to the breeding of money because the offspring resembles the parent. Wherefore of all modes of getting wealth this is the most unnatural.
The word “interest” means making income from money (foenus or usura in Latin, tokos in Greek). It refers to how money “gives birth to its own little children.” Since the late Middle Ages, the Church, for its part, made a distinction that had hitherto been made by the Roman law regarding the lending of movable property: there are things that are consumed by use, but there are also things that can never be consumed and are therefore called commodatum (gratuitous loans of movable property to be used and returned by the borrower).
To request payment for the commodatum is contrary to the common good, because money is an asset that cannot be consumed. Interest-bearing loans are condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD on the grounds of “Holy Scripture,” although the Bible has never specifically condemned usury! In the twelfth century, the Church followed up on the denunciation of the chrematistics by Aristotle. Thomas Aquinas also condemned lending money at interest, with some minor reservations though, arguing that “time belongs to God only.” Islam, which is far more severe, does not even differentiate between interest and usury.
Calvin the Capitalist
The practice of lending money at interest, however, gradually took momentum in conjunction with the rise of the bourgeois class and the expansion of its mercantile values, which have been the instrument of its might ever since. From the fifteenth century onwards, banks, trading companies and later on factories, were allowed to pay for borrowed funds upon the dispensation of the king. A turning point occurred with the birth and the rise of Protestantism, especially Calvinism. John Calvin was the first theologian to adopt the practice of lending money at interest, a practice which subsequently began to spread out by means of the banking networks. With the French Revolution lending at interest became entirely free, as new banks began to sprout in large numbers, equipped with considerable funds, mainly those hat had been obtained from the speculative affairs regarding the national property. Capitalism took off—full steam ahead.
At the beginning usury simply meant interest and this regardless of the rate of interest. Today, the term “usury” is used for an excessive rate of interest tied to the money given as a loan. But usury is also the procedure that imprisons the borrower into a debt he can no longer pay off and, therefore, can no longer retrieve his property, which he earlier agreed to hand over as security pledge. This is exactly what we see happening today on a global scale.
The loans thus enable the consumption of the future at a present moment. They are based on the use of virtual money that can be updated with a new price, that is, by an interest rate. Its wide-spread use obfuscates the basic principle, i.e., that one should keep his expenditures within the limits of his resources, because one cannot live forever beyond one’s means. The rise of finance capitalism has actually encouraged this practice: there are times when the markets trade the equivalent of ten times of the world GDP — which only shows the extent of the markets’ disconnection from the real economy. At a moment when the credit system becomes a central feature of capital, one is bound to enter a vicious circle. However, to stop giving loans could result in a widespread collapse of the banking system. It is precisely by raising the spectre of such chaos that banks succeed in being constantly bailed out by their respective states.
The wide-spread of use of loans, which means lending money at interest, has been the key tool in the expansion of capitalism and in the development of consumer society after WWII. Undoubtedly, European and American households, after deciding to launch themselves into debt, had contributed, between 1948 and 1973, to the prosperity of that period which came to be known as the “Thirty Glorious Years.” Things did change, however, when the mortgage system began to replace other forms of loan. Jean-Luc Gréau writes that
the mechanism of using a mortgage as a pledge for real loans represents far more than just an easy technique of guaranteeing the borrowed money, because it disrupts the logical framework of the allocation, the assessment and the possession of granted loans […]
Hence, moderate risk cedes its place to a risky gamble that one is prepared to take if the debtor goes bankrupt. The creditor may then tinker with the mortgage and seize the property for resale on acceptable terms.
It was this kind of manipulation with mortgages, recycled into financial assets and coupled with the increasing number of defaults by borrowers who were unable to repay their debts, which led to the crisis of the autumn of 2008. We are now observing the re-enactment of the same scenario at the expense of sovereign states facing now the national debt crisis.
We are witnessing a big return to the system of usury. What Keynes called a “regime of creditors” is equivalent to the modern definition of usury. Usurious processes can be spotted in the way that financial markets and banks snap up the real assets of indebted states and seize their goods in accordance with a debt whose principal is made up of a mountain of virtual money that will never be paid off. Shareholders and creditors are the Shylocks of our times.
However, debt is just like economic growth: neither one can last forever. “Should Europe be only committed to the finances,” wrote Frédéric Lordon, “then it is about to perish by the finances.” We have been telling this for a very long time: the Money System will be destroyed by money.
Source: First published in the quarterly Eléments (no. 141, October–December 2011) under the title “Mort à crédit.” (This is also the title of the novel written by the French novelist Louis-Ferdinand Céline, published in 1936.)
Online source: http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2011/10/death-on-the-installment-plan/
Enjoyed this article?
Be the first to leave a tip in the jar!
Related
-
Trčanje pred rudo: O zabludama desničarskoga trećesvjetaštva
-
The End of American Democracy
-
Society vs. the Market: Alain de Benoist’s Case Against Liberalism
-
Counter-Currents Radio Podcast No. 619
-
Эаметки о суверенитете и международном порядке
-
Alain de Benoist k populismu
-
National Rally Is Not Uniting the Right but Absorbing Its Competitors
-
Whoever Runs Culture Always Ends Up Dominating the State
4 comments
Thanks for another great article Dr. Sunic!
The parallels to the process of Roman decline described by Brooks Adams further up in the article pipeline are truly frightening. It has almost become a folk wisdom, that Rome perished because of decadence. But this decadence is rarely pinpointed with such clarity as here. It is the economic mind, which, devoid of all spirituality and awareness of blood, tribe or race, places moneymaking above all, and destroys everything.
And yet, the contemporary ruling class is leagues more evil than the Roman oligarchy in that it not only does not care about our race wasting away in hedonism and procreational apathy, but even advances our demise through its deliberate policies.
Yes and no. The Romans were far crueler than moderns. Imagine being sold into slavery to your credit card company. Imagine debts passed down to your children who are enslaved. The closest thing to that, of course, is the national debt, which makes debt slaves out of future generations.
No child should be born a debt slave of international capital. A White Nationalist state would repudiate all the debts of the former system.
Pound’s statement that the Bible has never specifically condemned usury can be elaborated on for our advantage. The modern emphasis is on individual salvation but we can plainly see that more emphasis is placed on the rise and fall of nations.
As an individual White Nation or as an Empire of White Nations we can master the principles of usury.
The first principle is that loans are to be made to each other interest free for God does not approve of usury. The second principle is that the rich ruleth over the poor and the borrower is servant to the lender (Proverbs 22:7)
General comments against charging usury to each other:
Ezekiel 18:8-13
V8 He that hath not given forth upon usury…….hath executed true judgment between man and man.
V13 Hath given forth upon usury and hath taken increase: shall he then live? He shall not live: he hath done all these abominations; he shall surely die; his blood shall be upon him.
Psalm 15:5 he that putteth not out his money to usury, nor taketh reward against the innocent. He that doeth these thing shall never be moved.
Exodus 22:25 If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee thou shalt not be to him as an usurer.
Leviticus 25:36 Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee,
37 thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury,
The third principle is that Believing Nations can lend to non-believing nations at interest as suggested by Deuteronomy 15:6
Comments are closed.
If you have a Subscriber access,
simply login first to see your comment auto-approved.
Note on comments privacy & moderation
Your email is never published nor shared.
Comments are moderated. If you don't see your comment, please be patient. If approved, it will appear here soon. Do not post your comment a second time.