Counter-Currents
Interesting Results from the Counter-Currents Reader Survey
David M. Zsutty
Literally us
1,075 words
I want to thank the nearly 400 readers who have responded thus far to the Counter-Currents poll and share some interesting results. Keep in mind that these are all subject to change as more people take the poll. Also, since knowledge is power, we will not be releasing our overall results to the public.
Those who haven’t taken the poll yet will receive one more invitation email in the coming days. But act soon. The poll ends on May 15th, when we will have the drawing for the $500 prize. Remember: your answers are anonymous.
I would like to get to at least 500 respondents, which is around 10% of the 5,000 or so people who have received invitations. That doesn’t sound like a lot, but remember that polls of 1,000 people in a nation of 330 million regularly make headlines and impact decision-making.
If you are not on the mailing list, join here:
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Sex
- 91% of our respondents are male, 9% female.
Autism
- 8.9% of respondents reported having autism or Asperger’s.
One of the clichés about the old “Alt Right” is that it was full of autists and spergs. Although the Counter-Currents audience is somewhat older than the typical Alt Rightist, this stereotype is at least somewhat borne out by our poll. 8.9% may seem high compared to the national average of 1 in 36 or 2.8%. But 91% of our respondents are male, and autism is 2-4 times higher among males than females. Autism is also slightly higher among whites than non-whites. Thus, once we control for race and sex, our autism rate is still higher than the average, but not three times higher.
Myers-Briggs Types
- 47.6% of respondents are INTJ (Architect), compared to only 2.1% of the general population.
- 18% of respondents are INTP (Logician), compared to 3.3% of the general population.
- 8.5% of respondents are ENTJ (Commander), compared to 1.8% of the general population.
- 7% of respondents are ENTP (Debater), compared to 3.2% of the general population.
That almost half of our dedicated readers have the hyper-competent, dark lord INTJ personality type should terrify our enemies. Of course, those numbers could be slightly inflated because we INTJs are highly efficient and thus more likely to make time to take the poll, in addition to our other endeavors and schemes. The more respondents we get, the more reliable our data will be for extrapolating to the broader Counter-Currents readership and the movement, so I encourage the other personality types to participate.
That we have so many thinkers and natural leaders is a strength, but it is also a weakness as it probably contributes to a lot of infighting. It may be a good idea for our INTJs and ENTJs to participate more in mainstream social organizations, where they will probably be asked to fill leadership positions.
Topics for further research:
- What personality types are more influential than their numbers predict? Which are less influential?
- What blend of personality types is most conducive to successful metapolitical and political movements?
- Are there historical examples of successful movements with this blend of personality types?
- How can we appeal to other effective personality types?
So no, we aren’t all that autistic, but nearly half of us are INTJ sigma-males and thus literally Ryan Gosling.
IQ
- The average IQ of respondents is 129.4.
When Dr. Greg Johnson launched Counter-Currents, his intent was to create a webzine which appealed to people with IQs of 120 and above. Mission accomplished!
Education
As to be expected, most of our readers are highly educated:
- 36.3% have bachelor’s degrees.
- 20.2% have master’s degrees.
- 7.2% have PhDs.
- 6.6% completed law school.
- 1.3% completed medical school.
To put this into perspective, 23.5% of Americans aged 25 and up had obtained a bachelor’s degree and 14.4% had completed an advanced degree such as a master’s degree, professional degree or doctoral degree as of 2021.[1]
Military Service
We also found that 19.7% of respondents are veterans or active duty, compared to 6% of the general US population. It makes sense that we have substantial numbers of thumotic people who love their own and take their own side.
Influential People
The illustrious Jared Taylor topped two categories:
- 21.4% of respondents named Taylor as the first pro-white spokesman they encountered.
- 24.2% of respondents named him the most influential pro-white spokesman.
Influential Platforms
- The highest number (21.7%) of respondents named American Renaissance as the first pro-white platform they encountered.
- 28.6% named Counter-Currents as the most influential pro-white platform. (American Renaissance was second at 16%.) But since our respondents were among the most dedicated Counter-Currents readers, this should be no surprise.
One obvious implication of this is that getting Jared Taylor reinstated on X (formerly known as Twitter) should be a priority for the movement.
Room for Improvement
There are a few categories in which we would like to see better numbers. For example, 29.9% of our readers hold cryptocurrency, which sounds good until we note that 40% of US adults now own cryptocurrency, up from 30% in 2023.[2] While its great that cryptocurrency is becoming widespread, we shouldn’t let the “normies” beat us at adopting it!
Most troubling was the responses to the question: “Evaluate the following statement: Pro-whites should be willing to endure or even vote for Democrat rule in order to discipline/punish/destroy the Republican Party.” 26.8% at least slightly agreed, compared to 20.4% who were neutral and 52.9% who at least slightly disagreed. Of those, 31.4% strongly disagreed.
Traitors do more damage than enemies, and the GOP has time and again revealed itself as controlled opposition and anti-white. If radicals are having trouble escaping from the GOP plantation, mainstream conservatives are probably facing even higher hurdles. But unless the GOP is punished for their treachery, there is no reason why they should change their behavior. And if the Left is willing to punish the Democrats over Gaza, there is no reason why we should not be willing to punish the GOP for their continuous of treason.
The good news is that by knowing this is a problem, we are better able to address it. In fact, it will probably be the topic for a future debate.
This report is just a small taste of some of the findings that have jumped out so far. There is still a lot more analysis to do. I would like to thank those who have taken the poll, because this would not have been possible without your help. And I ask those who have not yet taken it to do so. Not only will you have fun, as many respondents have reported, you will also give our findings a higher degree of accuracy.
Thanks for your time. I’m looking forward to getting to know you better.
Notes
[1] https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/educational-attainment.html
[2] https://www.security.org/digital-security/cryptocurrency-annual-consumer-report/
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46 comments
I would guess that much of the hesitancy toward punishing the GOP has to do with the Biden Admin’s border policies. Trump, odious though he is, might at least slow down the Great Replacement if elected.
The way I see it, the Republicans and Democrats make for a “good cop / bad cop” dynamic. (For leftists and non-Whites, the roles are reversed, of course.) Anyway, giving the GOP a shellacking for abandoning its base might get their attention, but it’s uncertain; they have a six decade track record of being do-nothings.
The way I see it, each side is there to punch the other if it tries to act against the wishes of the oligarchs. Border control?—slam! the dems smack the republicans; Gaza protests?—wap! The republicans smack the left.
Halfway through the poll now. It’s simple, the UI is clean, and I’m happy to help support the cause.
Out of curiosity, why not include the link to the poll in these posts? If the goal is to get as many responses as possible, it seems like reducing the number of steps required to participate would yield more submissions.
Requiring an email address prevents people, including saboteurs, from taking the poll more than once.
@Greg Johnson : Mere curiosity : isn’t IP address, supposedly unique, enough for that purpose ?
No, not in the age of smart phones.
@Greg Johnson : Thank you for the answer. Had not thought of optiphones.
The MBTI results reflect those taken on /pol/ back in 2015, where over half the respondents were NT intuitive thinker types. Of course there is a bias in the online tests that leans towards intuitive types for some reason, and typing oneself through cognitive functions is more accurate, however it is undoubtedly pointing to a real trend. Intuitives are over represented on much of the internet, and thinkers are more likely to spend their time considering theories about society, especially non-mainstream theories.
Appealing to other types requires appealing to other experiences. I think aesthetics is a rich avenue to explore.
I put down that we should not vote for democrats because we’re unhappy with Republicans. What if republicans take it as they are not left enough and move even more so?
I think we’d be better abstaining or voting for a third party if a suitable candidate could be found.
You might have a look at how it went for the Serbs in Kosovo who decided to abstain from local voting as a form of protest. They now have Albanian mayors elected with 3% presence only, ruling over them with impunity.
I’m not sure we have any time left to rectify the US to make it as it was. Abstain, vote for a 3rd party or vote Democrat, and the Democrats will be in power for 4 more years.
I try to sow division by pointing out to Asians and Hispanics how the left loves blacks and hates them.
Where exactly?
Serbs are active in the local government of the so-called Kosovo and Northern Kosovo which is a Serb-majority region is basically self-governed to my understanding setting aside recent escalatory measures by Albanian gangsters
“Evaluate the following statement: Pro-whites should be willing to endure or even vote for Democrat rule in order to discipline/punish/destroy the Republican Party.”
The commentator WayDown makes a good point. Why would we assume that the Republicans will assume they are being punished for not being pro-white enough? They may say, we weren’t pro open borders enough, so next time let’s be more like Democrats and pander even more to non-whites! I won’t vote for either party, or a third. I have nothing but contempt for this anti-white system, and I see it as granting it a measure of legitimacy to participate in it.
As Sam Francis said, Republicans are the “stupid party.” Most Republican leaders would rather see Democrats win then see White Nationalists win. Does anyone here doubt that? George W. Bush said the worst moment of his presidency was when he was accused of racism after Hurricane Katrina. Trump’s family is intermarried with Jews and he once dated a light skinned black woman. He may well pick a running mate of color.
The fact is both parties hate whites. Ideologically both are committed to anti-white worldviews. Whether for votes, cheap labor, or out of an ideological commitment to individualism, none of them will get on board with our views period. What makes sense in the US today is the Dr. Pierce view that there is no solution within the system. Or, the Lone Wolf-ism of Tom Metzger. In Europe, racialist parties may actually win, they are a different game.
Instead of trying to “infiltrate” anti white systems that cannot be flipped, we should concentrate on expanding our numbers and preparing for all hell to break lo0se. It is already breaking lose, BLM, riots, open borders, more anti-whiteism than ever. The most important thing is getting as many whites as possible to adopt pro-white views. We aren’t going to get the people with power in the US to voluntarily cede it to us, when they would prefer we were dead.
@Teutonic Path
my previous comment wasn’t meant as a reply to you but as a stand alone or new comment.
Regarding the prevalence of the architect and logician personality types, one explanation may be that the case for White nationalism makes sense. It adds up. It is not familiar, comfortable, and emotionally uplifting, not in an environment where the deliberately dumbed down masses expect real life to play out like the “universal truths” of old Star Wars movies. It is not a ticket to popularity, easy up-votes and employment preference, not in an environment where antiwhites dictate who can be acclaimed and who gets to rise. It is just correct, that is coherent and well founded in fact. It appeals to people who in choosing their opinions weigh heavily what adds up, when need be at the expense of what is well advertised and socially incentivized.
Of course we want everyone to have the right opinions, so we would also like the mass support of those who go with the flow and believe whatever feels good, but it is understandable that we do not have much support of that type.
When we look for “motherhood” statements in White nationalism, things that we can focus on to strengthen our unity and put disagreements in the context of that broader unity, we can start with the virtues of telling the truth and making arguments that are coherent, rational, and well founded. If you want to get a super-majority of Counter-Currents readers nodding their heads, that’s a good starting point. We agree on that, and, by temperament and not just theoretically, we mean it. We can disagree on serious matters and still understand that the other man is saying what is right as best he can work it out, and that this is meritorious.
Wow, so that means we have like 29 PhDs among us? We are an intellectual powerhouse! I wonder what the structure of that looks like, like what are the specialties of the individual PhDs and MDs? Is it mostly humanities or STEM?
Counter-Currents articles and comments show that female voices are normal and welcome.
Survey results suggest that the Counter-Currents community is ninety percent male.
The reasonable conclusion is that defending our race is a manly thing. More men than women are interested in taking on this role, and it’s not close. This is probably driven by sex-related traits.
Attempts to make the pro-White movement more “female-friendly” or to be truthful and blunt less masculine will probably be counter-productive and useless.
I think we need an unapologetically masculine wing, led by men, and an unapologetically feminine wing, led by women, with no need to mix the two except socially, and no need to compromise one for the sake of the other.
Please respond to the survey.
It’s very important that you do.
It’s easy.
It’s enjoyable.
It’s interesting.
It’s quickly completed.
It’s fully confidential.
IT DOESN’T HURT!………. I promise!
“It may be a good idea for our INTJs and ENTJs to participate more in mainstream social organizations, where they will probably be asked to fill leadership positions.”
– Entryism needs more promotion around here. I see so many opportunities for our guys and gals to quietly infiltrate and gain positions of influence. You dont even need to do anything, just prevent the position from being filled with an anti-white.
Jared Taylor briefly mentioned this topic in his most recent AMREN speech.
Average IQ of 130?
I find that very hard to believe, «claimed IQ» would be a much safer statement, only 2% of people have an IQ of 130 or above.
Everything is understood as reported. But I believe it.
All those tests regress to the mean, but with 35% of the cohort holding at least a masters degree, I would say a floor of 120 is likely. “ Mensans,” those with iq testing above 130, are on average not really that impressive if you’ve ever been around them. Lots of kooky people making perpetual motion machines and suchlike. Cc readers seem sharper. So it’s not that big a claim, believe me.
Is that 2% of all Americans, or just whites? The white American median IQ is almost certainly higher than the American median IQ – and I’d imagine >95% of CC readers are white. Moreover, the articles are generally written at an intellectually high level, and the tenor of comments is often impressive, too. An average IQ of 130 is unsurprising.
Of course, the real IQ number might diverge a bit depending upon the representativeness of the poll respondents, but probably not too much. (I did not take this poll.)
Why have you not taken it?
I don’t have an anonymous email address. I know CC gets attacked by leftists constantly, and I must maintain my strict anonymity, given where I live, the kind of work I do and colleagues I have, etc. People at work already know I’m a “rabid Republican”, but they really don’t know how “rabid”. Some don’t even think I’m a Trumper, which technically I’m not (but they and I mean different things by “Trumpism”). Basically, I’m thought of as an “old-time Reaganite conservative” (which I am, in a few ways; voted for him twice; in the 1980 GOP primary, however, I believe I voted for Congressman Phil Crane before he exited the field), and, interestingly, that’s considered (barely) within the ‘pale’ of respectability; support for Trump, and even America First civic nationalism, is not.
White nationalism?! Oh boy …
Yeah, simply to understand the race and iq concept, the inner workings of the JQ, revisionism, etc. suggests scholars, ie people in independent pursuit of book knowledge, who are able to resist the mainstream propaganda onslaught. That puts you fairly above average right there. An interesting question for future polls might be “have you read Culture of Critique from front cover to back cover?,” unless that was on the poll, I don’t recall.
I’ve just done the survey, which was a very worthwhile and interesting experience. Many interesting insights into myself by answering honestly, so I encourage others to take it while there is still time. INTJ for anyone who is interested, with way above average scores for Machiavellianism and Narcissism (!) but a below average score for sociopathy.
Thanks Adrian. I am an INTJ too. It really is remarkable how many INTJs are among us. I am particularly looking fwd to digging into the OCEAN test scores.
Just a few days left now. If you haven’t answered the invite yet, WHAT ARE YOU WAITING FOR?
Who the hell is Ryan Gosling and why should I care?
Good point.
Ryan Gosling is a fine act0r ─ nothing more, of course.
In the 2011 film Drive, Ryan Gosling plays some sort of golden boy or naturally-endowed nascent Nordic man-of-action who makes deliveries for the mob; whereas in the film, the Jewish gangsters are portrayed (surprisingly) as Jews and as criminal weasels.
Another film, that Zoomers may not have watched, with Ryan Gosling was The Believer (2001), where he plays a neo-Nazi skinhead. I remember that White Nationalists (on the Internet) were agog about a speech Gosling makes in a cafe to some effete journalist.
Gosling’s skinhead speech in the diner was so “inspirational” for the Online WN peanut gallery, “exactly our guy,” they said.
No, this is a decent actor portraying a dumbass who might make a good candidate for eugenic sterilization who has a shaved head and a slight speech impediment and is spouting a bunch of misogynistic and other canned jargon from Jewish screenwriters.
It seemed to me regarding this film encounter (my observations of the buzz about it on Online forums) that the more intellectually endowed of our guys in whatever passes for a Movement had not necessarily been very diligent teachers and leaders for the younger and less sophisticated “peanut gallery” folks who admired what seems like boyishly transgressive and budding White Power, but isn’t even remotely close.
The actor Gosling as a stock “skinhead” was exactly portraying the “optics” (for lack of a better word) that we do NOT want in any so-called Movement, and literally was or might as well have been scripted by the enemy. This should have been obvious even for WN neophytes.
🙂
Well, that’s the most you can expect from a Hollywood movie. Have you ever noticed in Drive, in the scene where the portly gangster is advising the mechanic to slash his wrists, if you look very carefully, there is a distinct Star of David made in the metal rafters of the building in the background? I didn’t note this myself, some commenter at Unz posted a clip. Imagine the visuospatial IQ to pick up on something like that! We definitely have some high iq on our side!
The “literally me” meme refers to outsider characters in fiction with lonely lives and positive traits that people in our audience identify with. It began with Gosling, not for The Believer but for Drive, where he plays a hero with a strong autistic/INTJ vibe. The meme was renewed with Gosling’s very similar character in Blade Runner 2049, with whom a lot of lonely (incel) and extremely online young men on the Right strongly identified.
Why focus on that?
Why is holding cryptocurrency something to admire or promote? I would think just the opposite. I know ‘gold bugs’ and bulk ammo holders, but no one who owns (or at least will admit to me to owning) crypto. I’m in no way important myself, but my social and educational (and even geographical) background is such that I do know a fair number of very smart and very successful people, corporate execs, law firm partners, wealthy land developers, some techies, etc. Their consensus seems to be that crypto is a scam for the “proles” (do with that info what you will).
And again Zsutty can’t resist crapping on the GOP, thereby revealing either his youth or ignorance (or both):
“Evaluate the following statement: Pro-whites should be willing to endure or even vote for Democrat rule in order to discipline/punish/destroy the Republican Party.”
Anyone who would agree in the slightest with this statement is a moron. It would take me an hour to list all the reasons why. Maybe if I’m challenged, I’ll do so. For now, I will only say that politics is about POWER, not symbolism or other inanities. When Democrats gain power, they do things like throw open the border with Mexico; let violent black thugs go unpunished; and unleash vicious lawfare against conservatives, and especially prowhites. They also ruin the private economy with taxes and regulations, and send the unsustainable National Debt skyrocketing. Is this actually news to anybody?!
The prowhite (or at least, America First) capture of the GOP is the only hope for avoiding mass misery, especially for whites, in the near future. Zsutty may be some kind of accelerationist (though his boss has written definitively here at CC about the dangers of accelerationism), but even most prowhites, let alone plain, oppressed white folks just trying to live out their lives in peace, liberty, prosperity, and some semblance 0f dignity, are not.
Yeah, I was gonna say, low Bitcoin enthusiasm is a sign of HIGH iq, lol. But more likely it reflects generational differences here. I have a theory that the pushing of Bitcoin by the establishment has to do with its creator, Sachimoto Nasimoto or whoever, being the type of person the ruling class really likes to succeed, if you get my drift. Else it would be illegal.
I think of BTC as susceptible to a “Dutch Tulipmania” crash. Sharp plunges in value have happened already, and it tends to be a lot more volatile than the stock market. Moreover, it’s not scalable for the long term, and has encouraged wasteful energy consumption by Bitcoin miners with gold fever, as well as artificially inflating the price of video cards. Fortunately, there are some cryptocurrencies that don’t have these problems. All told, I prefer silver – it works even if the power goes out!
Other than that – survey is over on the 15th! Shirkers report to the punishment battalion!
But at least tulips are beautiful and I suppose you could eat them in a pinch, but what good is crypto? It’s pure hype. There again, many things are valuable just because people think they are valuable. But I think if there is ever any sort of true economic contraction, crypto will lose huge amounts of value suddenly. But there again, if the government is inflating Bitcoin because of the identity of SN, maybe it’s here to stay for the period of Smurf hegemony.
In the absence of a generally recognized leader, how to compel INTJs to work together rather than fight over non-factors, trivia and bait?
I can’t speak for all INTJs but people tell me that I don’t suffer dumbassery easily. They also tell me that I often come across as “hectoring,” which I earnestly try not to do.
However, contrary to Eric Striker, I don’t think that this has anything to do with INTJ’s. I am not a disagreeable person IRL ─ and not in the least bit “autistic” or “aspergery.”
However, it truly is hard to interact sometimes Online because “tone” is so hard to gauge. One thing that may be generational is that a lot of punk-ass kids (um, I meant to say Digital Natives) are just raised in edgy troll culture and just don’t know any better way to make a stab at a valid argument. It explains why they incessantly blame the smell of their own farts on “Boomers” and never learned how to talk to girls.
However, White kids today do have a tremendous amount of potential if they can be instructed properly and led decently. There is plenty of “blame” to go around and much work to do.
🙂
Good comment, sounds somewhat like me (though I have no idea what an INTJ, or any other acronym, is). At work, I try not to “hector”, but maybe my well-meant and precise “instructions” sometimes sound like it (precise because I’ve found that the younger generation is generally less competent and esp. obedient, and with much less initiative, than us “elders”).
I must chuckle at that latter term. Despite my health issues of the past decade; being far more of a reader/intellectual than anyone I know at my workplace; and being, at 62, no “Spring chicken”, I think I can outwork and even out-fight most of my younger colleagues. In my brutal, all-male, military-modeled boarding school, back in the day, where constant bullying, physical and psychological, was merely routine (and even encouraged, to some extent; certainly, nothing was done about it), guys used to get divided into “brains”, “jocks”, and, if you were neither, just plain losers. Although I could hold my own in the ‘manly’ things, I was still mainly considered a “brain”, which classification I would agree with. In light of teenage materialistic obsession, some of my ‘cool’ buddies would wonder aloud about the dudes who seemed to have nothing going for them, who were neither tough nor smart (coming from a kindly Christian home, I tried to be fair and unthreatening toward everyone – though I had to be careful not to allow my decency to seem weak, thereby making me more vulnerable).
I only mention all this to emphasize how many of the white under-50s, and esp, under-40s and among urbanites, today seem to me to belong to that forlorn third category, neither smart nor capable, neither vigorous nor resilient. Just bodies, taking up space (yet often with strong but ill-informed political opinions). Persons who think that, inter alia, insisting on proper English is a “microaggression” (as I have actually been told when correcting poor diction!).
What young American whites, esp men, badly need is some kind of adult “Boy Scouts” (but pre-“political correction”), a mass organization to build relationships and brotherhood, as well as individual fortitude, confidence and resilience, through the re-introduction of instruction in traditional masculine skills (many of which I need to learn or re-learn, I admit!), as well as character formation. By “character” I don’t mean Christian compassion or other virtues, but rather, the Roman variety (as delineated above). My late father, though a strong Christian, nevertheless used to say that “whites today need toughening up.” He absolutely would have agreed with Samuel Johnson’s observation that “courage is so often attendant upon the exercise of {Christian} virtue, that we cannot help admiring the highwayman, even as we condemn his action.”
I was in the Boy Scouts and a cadet in the Civil Air Patrol in the 1970s. These were extremely valuable institutions in the day, and young people don’t seem to have anything comparable now. (I suppose the CAP is just as woke as the military is in general today, but I don’t know.)
There were girls in the CAP and at first it kinda sucked when they laughed at you when you botched your touch-and-go landing, but that was just part of growing up, I guess.
I don’t think I would have minded if there were girls in the Scouts except that they would not have wanted to do cool stuff like model rockets and marksmanship like boys typically want to do. I wasn’t particularly excited about quilting, canning fruit, or making soap, but it wasn’t uninteresting to learn either. I don’t know if in the Girl Scouts they obsessed as much as in the Boy Scouts about learning how to tie knots (very few of which I still remember today).
I missed making Eagle Scout by one merit badge, which is kind of embarassing to admit now. I just had a lot going on during that magical time between High School graduation and turning 18 when it was too late to finish that last requirement.
I think that developing a goal-oriented lifestyle is very important to learn but also setting priorities. I don’t know how important it really is to learn how to tie knots in the BSA then, or to do endless prepping for SATs now. Many young people have serious problems with underachievement, but overachievement can easily become just as toxic. I am glad that I don’t have to supervise student workers anymore.
My thoughts on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test is that the sixteen categories (e.g., INTJ) are very interesting and quite useful in determining what kinds of work that one likes to do and will easily be good at ─ but it is not a personality inventory from what I understand. The Myers-Briggs does not replace the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for example. (I am definitely no expert.)
🙂
I did the MBTI test a few years ago and got INFJ, so I put that as my answer in the poll. Afterwards, I decided to repeat the quiz, and was told I am an INTJ. Lol! It seems that Counter Currents and White Nationalism has taught me to be more of a thinker than a feeler (or at least do both). The power of positive influence on an open mind is great. Although, since I am female I will always be relatively instinctive and emotional, which of course is natural and healthy.
Thank you for the peek behind the curtain!
I just have a A.A. degree while working it was earned plus a almost nightly 30 years add on some for computer studies and math requirement. Remember that many are self taught and those that have degrees are sometimes ignoramuses.
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