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Print March 7, 2013

Evola & Spengler

Robert Steuckers

Julius_Evola837 words

English version here

“Překládal jsem z němčiny na žádost vydavatele Longanesiho… rozsáhlé a oslavované dílo Oswalda Spenglera Zánik Západu. Poskytlo mi to příležitost v úvodu specifikovat význam i hranice tohoto díla, jež si svého času vydobylo světovou slávu.” Těmito slovy uvádí Julius Evola ve své knize Pouť rumělky (str. 177) řadu kritických odstavců ke Spenglerovi.

Evola vzdává hold tomuto německému filosofovi za to, že odvrhl “progresivistické a historické fantazie” tím, že ukázal, že etapa, do níž vstoupila naše civilizace krátce po první světové válce, neznamenala vrchol, nýbrž zcela naopak “soumrak.” Evola v tom rozpoznal, že Spengler, zejména díky úspěchu své knihy, umožnil jít za obvyklou lineární a evoluční koncepci historie. Spengler popisuje protiklad mezi Kultur a Zivilisation, “přičemž ten první pojem pro něj znamená formu nebo fázi civilizace, která je kvalitativní, organická, diferenciovaná a vitální, kdežto ten druhý naznačuje formu civilizace, která je racionalistická, urbanistická, mechanická, beztvará, bezduchá” (str. 178).

Evola obdivoval negativní charakteristiku, již Spengler připisuje pojmu Zivilisation, je však kritický k nedostatečné koherenci definice pojmu Kultur, neboť, jak říká, tento německý filosof zůstal vězněm jistých intelektuálních schémat vlastních moderně. “Zcela mu scházel onen odstín metafysického rozměru či transcendence, která reprezentuje esenci každé opravdové Kultur” (str. 179).

Evola také vyčítá Spenglerovi pluralismus. Pro autora Zániku Západu je civilizací celá řada, jsou odlišné a nepřetržitě srovnává jednu s druhou, každou pojímá jako uzavřenou jednotku. Pro Evolu platí tento koncept pouze tehdy, pokud jde o vnější a epizodické aspekty různých civilizací. Naopak, jak pokračuje, je nutné rozlišovat kromě plurality forem civilizací i civilizace (nebo fáze civilizace) “moderního” typu v protikladu k civilizacím (nebo fázím civilizace) “tradičního” typu. Pluralita existuje jenom na povrchu; vespod je zásadní protiklad mezi moderností a tradicí.

Evola poté kritizuje Spenglera za to, že je ovlivněn německým pozdně romantickými vitalistickými a “iracionálními” myšlenkovými proudy, jež získaly svůj nejkomplexnější a nejradikálnější výraz v díleLudwiga Klagese. Zhodnocení života je marností, vysvětluje Evola, není-li život osvícen opravdovým pochopením původu světa. Pohroužení do existencialismu, do života, jak to požadoval Klages, Bäumlernebo Krieck, může vypadat jako nebezpečný a iniciovat regresivní proces (lze si povšimnout, že tato Evolova kritika se odlišuje od německé interpretace přesně podle těch samých kritérií, jež jsme přednesli, když jsme mluvili o přijetí Bachofenova díla).

Evola se domnívá, že tento vitalismus nutí Spenglera říkat o buddhismu, taoismu, stoicismu a řecko-římské civilizaci (kterou Spengler chápe pouze jako civilizaci “tělesnosti”) “věci, nad nimiž se musí člověk červenat.” A konečně Evola nepřijímá Spenglerovo hodnocení “faustovského člověka,” postavy, jež se zrodila ve věku objevů, v renesanci a humanismu; podle této dočasné determinace je faustovský člověk unášen spíše k horizontále než k vertikále. Co se týče autokratismu, politického fenomenu v době davů, sdílí Evola tentýž negativní postoj jako Spengler.

Stránky věnované Spenglerovi v Pouti rumělky jsou tedy docela kritické; Evola dokonce činí závěr, že vliv Spenglera na jeho myšlení byl nulový. Tento názor však nesdílí analytik Spenglerova a Evolova díla Attilio Cucchi (v článku “Evola, Tradizione e Spengler,” Orion, č. 89, 1992). Cucchi má zato, že Spengler Evolu ovlivnil, zejména svojí kritikou konceptu “Západu”: tvrzením, že západní civilizace není civilizací, je tu jenom jedna jediná civilizace, Spengler to relativizuje, a Guénon se proti tomu ohrazuje. Evola, pozorný čtenář jak Spenglera, tak i Guénona, mohl spojit prvky kritiky Spenglera a Guénona. Spengler prohlašuje, že faustovská západní kultura, jejíž počátek se datuje do desátého století, začala upadat, až se zvrhla v Zivilisation, která zmrazila, nechala vyschnout a strávila svoji vnitřní energii. America je už v posledním stádiu venkova zbavené a technologické Zivilisation.

Na základě Spenglerovy kritiky Zivilisation pak Evola později rozvinul svoji kritiku bolševismu a amerikanismu: pokud je Zivilisation pro Spenglera soumrakem, je Amerika pro Guénona extrémní podobou Západu, tj. bezbožností dohnanou až k samému vrcholu. Evola bezpochyby Spenglerovy a Guénonovy argumenty spojuje, třebaže vposledku Guénonovy prvky dominují, zejména kolem roku 1957, kdy Longanesi vydal Zánik Západu s předmluvou od Evoly. Na druhé straně Spenglerovu kritika politického autokratismu nacházíme téměř doslovně v Evolových knihách Fascism Seen from the Righta Člověk mezi ruinami.

Dr. H. T. Hansen, autor úvodu německého vydání Člověk mezi ruinami (Menschen inmitten von Ruinen [Tübingen: Hohenrain, 1991] – vyšlo i v anglickém překladu – pozn. vyd.), potvrzuje Cucchiho názory: řadu Spenglerových idejí je možno najít v knize Člověk mezi ruinami, zejména ideu, že stát je niternou podobou národa, “bytí ve formě”; idea, že úpadek lze změřit do té míry, v jaké se faustovský člověk stal otrokem svých kreací; stroj jej dohnal na cestu, z níž se nikdy nemůže vrátit a nikdy mu nedovolí spočinout. Horečnost a úprk do budoucnosti jsou charakteristickými znaky moderního světa (pro Spenglera “faustovského”), jejž Guénon i Evola se stejnou rozhodností odsoudili.

V knize Hodina rozhodnutí (1933) Spengler kritizuje autokratismus (ve skutečnosti Hitlerův národní socialismus) jakožto produkt demokratického titanismu. Evola napsal k italskému překladu tohoto díla předmluvu až po velmi pečlivém prostudování. Koneckonců, tento “pruský styl,” zdůrazňovaný Spenglerem, koresponduje podle Hansena s Evolovou ideou “aristokratického životního řádu, uspořádaného hierarchicky podle úctyhodnosti.” Že velká politika nutně předstihuje ekonomiku, vidíme u obou autorů. Takže vliv Spenglera na Evolu nebyl nulový, bez ohledu na to, co říká Evola v Pouti rumělky.

Source: http://www.okultura.cz/WordPress/?p=4728

 

Evola & Spengler

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Writer & Article of the Month May 2026

Voting for this month has concluded. Here are the final results!

Top Writers

  • #1 Morris van de Camp 2 votes
  • #2 David M. Zsutty 2 votes
  • #3 Derek Stark 2 votes
  • #4 Jayant Bhandari 2 votes
  • #5 Greg Johnson 2 votes
  • #6 Jared Taylor 1 vote
  • #7 Collin Cleary 1 vote
  • #8 Spencer J. Quinn 1 vote
  • #9 Mark Gullick 1 vote
  • #10 Lipton Matthews 1 vote
  • #11 Keith Woods 1 vote
  • #12 Steven Tucker 1 vote

Top Articles

  • #1 The Lunch Wars 2 votes
  • #2 Heidegger on Nietzsche, Part One 2 votes
  • #3 Could Fascism Work? 1 vote
  • #4 Jared Taylor's Elevator Pitch to a Billionaire 1 vote
  • #5 Predation Wearing the Mask of Civilization 1 vote
  • #6 Peak Fatigue in Fort Wayne 1 vote
  • #7 Keith Wood's Elevator Pitch to a Billionaire 1 vote
  • #8 Do You Want to Play a Game? 1 vote
  • #9 Why Billionaires Should Fund White Identity Politics 1 vote
  • #10 The 1970s: The Golden Age of Hijacking 1 vote
  • #11 True Folk-Horror Is Horror of Your Own Folk 1 vote
  • #12 Finding Atlantis Part 4 1 vote
  • #13 Berlin: City of Stones 1 vote
  • #14 The Ghost of the Confederacy 1 vote
  • #15 Lothrop Stoddard’s The Revolt Against Civilization 1 vote

Total votes cast: 17