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Print May 27, 2022 14 comments

Neema Parvini’s The Populist Delusion

Greg Johnson

2,100 words

Neema Parvini
The Populist Delusion
Perth: Imperium Press, 2022

Neema Parvini, Ph.D., is the author of five books on Shakespeare who in recent years has turned his attention to political philosophy, including the broader Dissident Right. In our sphere, he is known as Academic Agent.

Parvini’s The Populist Delusion is a critique of populism and democracy from the Right. Parvini devotes eight of his ten chapters to the views of important “elite theorists” (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, James Burnham, and Samuel Francis) as well as allied thinkers (Carl Schmitt, Bertrand de Jouvenal, and Paul Gottfried). Parvini’s book is brief (145 pages of text plus front and back matter), so his discussions are necessarily brief as well, serving as introductory overviews (or refresher courses) on a number of very important thinkers of the Right. For this, I can recommend Parvini’s book, which is lucidly written and focuses on essential issues.

However, I disagree with Parvini’s overall thesis about the delusional nature of populism:

The thesis of this book has been that democracy is and always has been an illusion, in which the true functioning of power where an organised minority elite rule over a disorganised mass is obscured through a lie that ‘the people is sovereign’. I have called this ‘the populist delusion’ because of the number of lies that this central lie conceals, chiefly the myth of bottom-up power or ‘people power’ . . . (p. 143)

Parvini uses democracy and populism as interchangeable throughout his book. I have no quarrel with this, since both terms have been used to refer to the idea of popular sovereignty: to use Abraham Lincoln’s words, “government of the people, by the people, for the people.”

Why does Parvini think that the idea of popular sovereignty is a delusion? Simply because he looks around the world and does not observe self-governing peoples (government of the people, by the people). Instead, he sees some people governing other people, specifically minorities governing majorities. Therefore, majority rule or popular government are illusions. But this doesn’t follow.

One could try to counter Parvini’s argument by pointing out instances of popular sovereignty at work: New England town meetings, the popular protests that brought down communism, and populist referendums, plebiscites, and movements that confound and upset elites.

But the deeper problem with his argument is methodological. Popular sovereignty is not the sort of thing one can observe empirically, because it is a norm, an ideal, and empirical realities only imperfectly instantiate ideals.

Specifically, popular sovereignty is a criterion of legitimacy. According to the norm of popular sovereignty, a regime is legitimate if it governs in the interests of the common good of society—the welfare of the people as a whole—as opposed to the interests of whatever particular faction holds the levers of power. Popular sovereignty is not a matter-of-fact observation about who actually exercises power. It is a norm asserting how power ought to be used.

In his Politics, Aristotle upholds the common good of society as the criterion of legitimacy. But he observes that the common good can be secured by different types of regimes. Monarchy is when a single man rules for the common good; tyranny is when he rules for his own interests. Aristocracy is when a minority rules for the common good; oligarchy is when a minority rules for its own interests. Polity is when the majority rule for the common good; democracy is when they rule for their own factional interests. There is no such thing as a society in which everyone participates in politics, because some are always immature or incapable. Aristotle also believed that mixed regimes that combine elements of rule by the one, the few, and the many (such as the United States Constitution) can either pursue the common good or factional interests. (For a more detailed exposition of Aristotle, see my essay “Introduction to Aristotle’s Politics,” reprinted in From Plato to Postmodernism.)

On this account, simply observing a society in which the many are ruled by the few, or even by a single individual, does not make popular sovereignty a myth or a lie, because it is possible for a minority or an individual to rule in the interests of the whole society, which is what the norm of popular sovereignty demands. Conversely, it is possible for the majority to rule—giving the appearance of popular sovereignty—but they can act against the interests of the whole, which is the true meaning of popular sovereignty.

What is essential to popular government is not government “by the people,” which we seldom observe in the pure form of direct democracy, but rather government “for the people,” which can be achieved by many different regimes.

If this is true, then there is no necessary conflict between elitism and populism, so as long as elites are merely means for serving the end of the common good. (See my essay “Notes on Populism, Elitism, and Democracy” reprinted in New Right vs. Old Right.)

The concept of populism derives from the concept of “the people.” But populists use “the people” in two senses. First, “the people” refers to the whole people, as opposed to other peoples. Second, “the people” refers to the majority as opposed to the small elite of political insiders.

Although populists wish to empower the majority and increase their political participation, they recognize that direct rule by the full people is an impossibility.

You can buy Greg Johnson’s White Identity Politics here.

First of all, some people are incapable of participating in government because of age or inability. But they are still part of the people. They still have interests. And since they cannot look out for their interests, others will have to look out for them. In short, some form of political representation is unavoidable. (For more on the necessity of representation, see my essay “In Defense of Populism,” reprinted in White Identity Politics.)

Furthermore, government by the people still requires officials who will carry out the popular will. Since people are not equal, it is better for everyone if those who execute the public will are better than average in terms of character, knowledge, and skill. In short, the ideal of government “by the people” can never be fully realized.

However, the ideal of government “for the people”—for the common good—is more easily realized. It can be accomplished by monarchical, aristocratic, popular, or mixed regimes. But it is more likely to be accomplished if the rulers are part of the people, rather than foreigners, and if as many of the people as possible are politically empowered, which means an Aristotelian mixed regime in which the one, the few, and the many have power, but the regime as a whole serves the common good. In other words, populists recognize the inevitability of elites, but they have no objection to elites as long as they serve the common good.

Now if you are empirically minded, this is actually an accurate description of the “really existing” populism that has today’s liberal democratic elites in a tizzy. Really existing populists do not demand that the full people exercise direct sovereignty. Such a notion would never occur to them. Instead, they accept that societies are inevitably split into ruling elites and ruled masses. They simply think that their elites are arrogant, corrupt, and govern for factional (and foreign) interests rather than the good of the nation as a whole. Therefore, they support a diverse array of tactics—populist referenda (Brexit), populist parties (Fidesz), populist strongmen (Trump, Orbán)—to bring government in line with the interests of the people. In short, really existing populists recognize that government “for the people” (the ultimate end) is more important than government “by the people” (the means), although they recognize that more involvement by the people can’t hurt. (For more on contemporary populism, see my speech “National Populism Is Here to Stay,” reprinted in White Identity Politics.)

If actual populists have no objection to elites as such, merely to corrupt, arrogant, and estranged elites, then simply rehearsing the arguments of various elite theorists does not prove that populism is a delusion. Indeed, many of the thinkers Parvini discusses (Pareto, Michels, Schmitt, De Jouvenal, Francis, Gottfried) openly aligned themselves with populist political movements and figures, from Mussolini and Hitler to Patrick Buchanan and Donald Trump. Others like Mosca and Burnham upheld the idea of the mixed regime, believing that elites governed better if the masses had political power. Thus populists should pay careful attention to Parvini’s analyses of these thinkers, who are actually very useful to populism. But Parvini’s conclusion that populism is a delusion simply does not follow.

Even though Parvini’s central thesis does not follow, his approach to political philosophy is very much in harmony with the elite theorists: Mosca, Pareto, Michels, Burnham, and Francis. All of them are Machiavellians, which is to say political “modernists,” whereas I am a follower of classical political philosophy, primarily Plato and Aristotle.

For instance, all of the elite theorists would sign off on Burnham’s claim that:

. . . The primary subject-matter of political science is the struggle for social power in its diverse open and concealed forms.

(Contrary views hold that political thought deals with the general welfare, the common good, and other such entities that are from time to time invented by the theorists.)[1]

This methodological principle explains why Parvini regards popular sovereignty as a putative empirical fact, which can be falsified by empirical study, rather than as a norm or ideal.

The Machiavellians hold that material interests—primarily the struggle for power and wealth—rather than ideas and norms are the driving force of history. As Burnham puts it, “The primary object of every élite, or ruling class, is to maintain its own power and privilege. . . . The contrary view is that the primary object of the rulers is to serve the community.”[2] Note that Burnham’s language simply ignores that the “contrary” view is a norm, not a factual statement. Like Parvini, he then refutes the classical view by pointing out that actual statesmen seldom live up to the norm—as if this would surprise Plato or Aristotle.

One of Burnham’s basic principles is that “The laws of political life cannot be discovered by an analysis that takes men’s words and beliefs, spoken or written, at their face value.”[3] This is because Burnham regards ideas not as driving forces of history but merely as tools of the struggle for power, which is the real force behind historical events. For instance, Burnham states that ideas like the common good are usually put forward by “spokesmen for an élite” to justify its power.[4] Another of Burnham’s basic principles is that “The rule of the elite is based on force and fraud.”[5] Of course, if ideas don’t matter, why would one have to peddle fraudulent ones? One also wonders if Burnham’s ideas are fraudulent tools of elite power. Should we take his ideas at face value, or should we ask what power interests he was serving?

Are ideas or material interests the ultimate driving force of history? A lot of people act as if material interests are their only concern. But that is because they have accepted modernist ideas like “Ideas don’t matter; life is all about pursuing material aims” or “The common good is a fiction; only private interests are real.”

The creators of modern “political science” like Machiavelli knew that not all men are cynical, self-interested materialists, but they wanted them to become that way, because they thought it would make the world a better place: it would remove the principal causes of social conflict and reorient society around the pursuit of material wealth. They were not describing facts. They were creating them by upholding new ideals, new norms of behavior, while pretending that they were just describing the way things always were.

Modern “political science” is first and foremost a form of political legislation that cloaks itself in the language of value-free science. Of course, most advocates of political modernism sincerely believe that what they are saying is true. And increasingly, it is true, because of the steady advancement of the modernist project.

But once we are wise to Machiavelli’s trick, the question again becomes about how men and societies should be. We return, in short, to the questions of classical political philosophy. If, in that spirit, someone wishes to write a book entitled The Populist Ideal, he will find Parvini’s The Populist Delusion to be a useful starting point.

Notes

[1] James Burnham, The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom (Borough: Lume Books, 1943), p. 204.

[2] Burnham, The Machiavellians, p. 205.

[3] Burnham, The Machiavellians, p. 204.

[4] Burnham, The Machiavellians, p. 205.

[5] Burnham, The Machiavellians, p. 205.

* * *

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Related

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14 comments

  1. C says:
    May 27, 2022 at 3:54 pm

    Some guys are in it for money and power; others are spiritually motivated.  It is all a function of the will to power.  Some men use literal, physical cudgels to mold reality to their liking; others use ideas.  Nietzsche was right.

    1. Rez says:
      May 28, 2022 at 6:34 pm

      That’s exactly what I was thinking while reading this article! I was thinking “what?! Mr. Johnson has not read Nietzsche?”

      1. Greg Johnson says:
        May 29, 2022 at 12:15 am

        Yes, I have read Nietzsche. I’m just not impressed. Nietzsche’s psychology is hardly different from that of the father of liberalism, Thomas Hobbes.

    2. Greg Johnson says:
      May 29, 2022 at 12:55 am

      Nietzsche’s psychology of Will to Power is basically modern liberal reductionist psychology.

    3. Ovidiu says:
      May 29, 2022 at 10:02 am

      Nietzsche preaches invidualism, one liberated from any moral and social concerns. Liberalism also preaches individualism, the liberation from unchosen traditional norms, bonds and obligations to society and community and want to replace them with contractual, freely chosen, obligation. In this sense, as Greg already said, Nietzsche’s philosophy is a continuation of the Enlightenment “liberation” ideology and also a radicalization of it. However, from point of white nationalism they are equally toxic.

       

       

  2. Ovidiu says:
    May 27, 2022 at 4:45 pm

    a study which claims to show empirically that US is an oligarchy not a democracy

    https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746

  3. Ian Smith says:
    May 27, 2022 at 7:18 pm

    I listened to this lecture on Machiavelli and enjoyed it. Great for midwits like me who are curious but intimidated by philosophy.

     

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mU7hdGKOGyk

  4. Petronius says:
    May 28, 2022 at 4:33 am

    I hope he will write another book called “The Stratfordian Delusion”.

  5. Jax says:
    May 28, 2022 at 1:19 pm

    Wonder if Greg knows the WEF and the DAVOS meetings even exist?  How they’ve infiltrated governments around the world by their own admission to enforce their agenda without a single vote by the people.  Tut tut Greg what delusion are you living in?

    1. Greg Johnson says:
      May 29, 2022 at 12:54 am

      If you had actually read what I have written above, you would understand that your objection is completely beside the point.

  6. Rhodok says:
    May 28, 2022 at 11:22 pm

    A review that adds to the subject matter!

    I like your viewpoint, but -for now- tend to side with AA. My reasons are my own observations: Everywhere I look (IRL) people come together to do things, and everywhere (no exceptions) where goals are met a dominant hierarchy was created. Often implicitly. There can be multiple hierarchies (depending on group size) but there will always be one dominant hierarchy.

    Ideally -like IRL- these hierarchies are short term only. They form, disappear and re-appear as is necessary for the task at hand.

    Furthermore I believe that it is literally impossible to go against our own self-interest. Hence it follows that an elite can only act in the interest of the popular will if that is aligned with their own interest. Hence the need for ethnostates.

    1. Greg Johnson says:
      May 29, 2022 at 12:53 am

      That’s why well-constructed governments work to align elite interests with national interests.

  7. Triumph says:
    May 29, 2022 at 6:09 pm

    I discovered this author and his sphere of influence last summer and I am thoroughly impressed. Perhaps had it been any sooner I would not be because I understand a lot of the former NRX crowd had a metamorphosis on race and economics only fairly recently. I would even say they are the primary thought leaders on the dissident right at this point. It seems to be the same coalition formed in the Third Reich between the ‘conservatives’ (former monarchists) and the NSDAP.
    But I have to disagree on populism. Is populism delusional for large-scale democracy? Sure, but not for revealed preference, which is ‘foot voting’ at the local level, itself the original form of city-state democracy, and something that operates outside of any possible governance no matter what legislation is enacted or elitist social-engineering. Whites have proven time and again to miraculously slip through any diversity dragnet to form their all-white enclaves regardless of party or beliefs.

    An extension of public transit across the river into my (‘whiter’) Republican county is shot down every time it is put to a vote because everybody knows only city blacks use it in my sprawling region, where cost of living/commuting is much cheaper than almost anywhere else. Same deal with bussing black students from the Democrat county across into my GOP county. Even the proposed merger between the independent city, which happens to be the most violent in the country, and the Democrat county is always postponed before it ever gets balloted.

    White separatism is embedded within apolitical subcultures too, ranging from hippyish to gothic to Boomer to anime to sports, even within the most eclectic, cosmopolitan neighborhoods of the city, with black, Asian, LGBT and Muslim areas on the same block, yet no mixing despite common SJW ethos.

    In light of all the infighting recently and general stagnation of ideas, I am convinced that we have to go through the unsung normies, not elitists, not leftists and certainly not cosplaying podcasters because most normies already live a white separatist (‘bedroom community’) lifestyle, which they pay a premium for and become evermore semi-nomadic to maintain. So they are already the most committed race warriors.

    1. Greg Johnson says:
      May 30, 2022 at 1:18 am

      Nice comment, but the claim “I would even say they are the primary thought leaders on the dissident right at this point” is just ludicrous and reminds me of the obvious puffery to elevate NRX and later the IDW.

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  • Here’s the Thing
  • Trevor Lynch: Part Four of the Trilogy
  • Graduate School with Heidegger
  • It’s Okay to Be White
  • The World in Flames
  • The White Nationalist Manifesto
  • From Plato to Postmodernism
  • The Gizmo
  • Return of the Son of Trevor Lynch’s CENSORED Guide to the Movies
  • Toward a New Nationalism
  • The Smut Book
  • The Alternative Right
  • My Nationalist Pony
  • Dark Right: Batman Viewed From the Right
  • The Philatelist
  • Confessions of an Anti-Feminist
  • East and West
  • Though We Be Dead, Yet Our Day Will Come
  • White Like You
  • Numinous Machines
  • Venus and Her Thugs
  • Cynosura
  • North American New Right, vol. 2
  • You Asked For It
  • More Artists of the Right
  • Extremists: Studies in Metapolitics
  • The Homo & the Negro
  • Rising
  • The Importance of James Bond
  • In Defense of Prejudice
  • Confessions of a Reluctant Hater (2nd ed.)
  • The Hypocrisies of Heaven
  • Waking Up from the American Dream
  • Green Nazis in Space!
  • Truth, Justice, and a Nice White Country
  • Heidegger in Chicago
  • End of an Era: Mad Men & the Ordeal of Civility
  • Sexual Utopia in Power
  • What is a Rune? & Other Essays
  • Son of Trevor Lynch’s White Nationalist Guide to the Movies
  • The Lightning & the Sun
  • The Eldritch Evola
  • Western Civilization Bites Back
  • New Right vs. Old Right
  • Journey Late at Night: Poems and Translations
  • The Non-Hindu Indians & Indian Unity
  • I do not belong to the Baader-Meinhof Group
  • Pulp Fascism
  • The Lost Philosopher
  • Trevor Lynch’s A White Nationalist Guide to the Movies
  • And Time Rolls On
  • Artists of the Right: Resisting Decadence
  • North American New Right, Vol. 1
  • Some Thoughts on Hitler
  • Tikkun Olam and Other Poems
  • Summoning the Gods
  • Taking Our Own Side
  • Reuben
  • The Node
  • The New Austerities
  • Morning Crafts
  • The Passing of a Profit & Other Forgotten Stories
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