Wagner Bicentennial Symposium  
Never Surrender:
Wagner on War & Culture

4,743 words

Not symphonic music, but rather the shattering roar of cannon announced the birth of Richard Wagner on May 22, 1813 in Leipzig. The German kingdom of Saxony had been overrun by the French troops of Napoleon Bonaparte as he made a last-ditch effort to reassert dominance over Europe.[1]

Since the Treaty of Posen was signed in December 1806, Saxony had been one of several German principalities reorganized by Napoleon into the new Rheinbund or Confederation of the Rhine.[2] Kings and princes offered Napoleon “tribute” in the form of money, men, and equipment. In the summer of 1812 Napoleon rode across Germany, its undisputed master, en route to Russia. By autumn the Grande Armée felt the pain of defeat. Napoleon lost over 400,000 men in the Russian snow and was forced to retreat back across Europe.

Napoleon was not yet finished however. In March 1813, French soldiers advanced toward the Elbe River. The main action of this new campaign occurred in Saxony, which Napoleon planned to use as a base for his immediate goal – the capture of Berlin. Although other German rulers were anxious to avenge the years of French oppression, the King of Saxony never wavered in his support of Napoleon. He sent what was left of his army to fight side by side with the French helping them to win the battles of Lützen and Bautzen in May.[3]

In October Leipzig was the scene for the Völkerschlacht or “Battle of the Nations” when Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Sweden.[4] Saxon troops, betraying their king, besieged within the city by the Allies, deserted both him and Napoleon, whose vanquished forces were soon fleeing toward Mainz and the borders of France itself. The First French Empire was crumbling, and within half a year Paris too would fall.

Richard Wagner’s father, Karl Friedrich, was the registrar of police in Leipzig. Exhausted by an overwhelming number of official duties resulting from the military campaign, he was especially vulnerable to an epidemic of typhus that flared as a result of corpses lying unburied in the streets. He died six months after Richard’s birth on November 23, 1813.[5]

The mutiny of King Friedrich’s troops exemplified popular Saxon feeling. The French were detested, and stories of Napoleon’s treatment of Germany were most certainly heard by the young impressionable Richard.

Richard Wagner is best known for his massive “music dramas” that still captivate large audiences whenever they are performed in the world’s greatest opera houses. In addition to his fantastic musical landscapes, Wagner commented and philosophized on many subjects throughout his lifetime. From musical concerns and art to Judaism and race, Wagner was never shy to opine. Wagner’s comments on the subject of military conflict not only provide a glimpse into his political thought which began to take form from the time of the Dresden Revolution in 1849, but also provide us with insight into what his views might have been during the Twentieth Century’s two great cataclysms.

There were four wars involving German states during Wagner’s lifetime. The first war was the previously noted Napoleonic War. Wagner was only an infant and his subsequent recorded comments are very limited. In 1864, the Prussian-Danish war would be fought likewise with little comment from Wagner who was busy with various personal matters.[6]

In April of 1866, a few months before the Austro-Prussian war broke out on June 14, Wagner denigrated Bismarck as “an Ambitious Junker [who] betrays his imbecile of a King [Wilhelm I of Prussia] in the most brazen manner.”[7] The outcome of the war, however, caused many Germans, including Wagner, to revise their opinion of Bismarck. Bavaria joined the other states in the German Confederation in supporting Austria, but with Prussia’s decisive victory in July, the Confederation disintegrated and all eyes turned to Bismarck as the builder of a new German nation-state. His leadership qualities commanded respect and many believed that he had opened the way to the long-sought national unification.[8]

The Franco-Prussian War

It was at this time that Wagner was still completing his magnum opus, Der Ring des Nibelungen. Wagner’s slow progress can be attributed to the shadow of war as well as the birth of his son Siegfried on June 6, 1869.[9] The Franco-Prussian war which finally broke out in July 1870 with Bavaria siding with Prussia, was fought against a background of rising national pride in Germany. The partisan attitude of Wagner and his mistress and future wife Cosima reflected the prevalent sentiment among Germans.[10] Cosima’s frequent diary entries regarding the Franco-Prussian war provide researchers with wonderful insight into Wagner’s views on the conflict.

Cosima’s entry on Friday July 8 is the first entry regarding the events that would ultimately result in war: “Rumors of war, because of a Prussian prince’s ascending the Spanish throne; the French as always ridiculously excited by something happening without their consent.”[11]

In July of 1870, Spain was looking for a new monarch. Leopold, the hereditary prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was one of the possible candidates for the throne. Bismarck saw the obvious advantages of such a link with Spain. He wrote to Charles Antony, Leopold’s father, showing the vital service that could be rendered to Germany through the acceptance of the throne.[12] Leopold gave in to Bismarck’s arguments.

Anti-Prussian and anti-German writers have claimed that this in some way placed the responsibility for the war squarely on Bismarck. The British military historian Sir Michael Howard objectively responds to such historians, “. . . that is no reason to see in [Bismarck’s] policy, as have so many French historians, a ‘trap’ deliberately laid for France.”[13]

Bismarck had certainly hoped that the election would be concluded before Napoleon III could do anything. France, feeling insulted, instructed the Ambassador to Berlin to demand that the Prussian government not approve of Leopold’s acceptance of the Spanish crown and that the Prussian King, Wilhelm I, order him to withdraw.[14]

Cosima comments on the French ultimatum in her entry dated Wednesday, July 13 [1870]: “A guide brings news that an ultimatum has been sent from Paris to the King of Prussia, saying he should forbid his relative to accept the crown, otherwise war!! I am quite beside myself over this example of French insolence; this nation deserves a merciless chastisement.”[15]

The French had actually threatened, “if the King will not advise the Prince of Hohenzollern to withdraw, then it will be war at once.”[16] Finally on July 12, Charles Antony would renounce the throne on Leopold’s behalf. The French were not satisfied with this resolution and demanded, to the humiliation of Prussia, a promise that the candidature would never be considered again.[17] Cosima relates this event in her diaries, no doubt exemplifying Richard’s growing concern over the worsening situation:

The arrogant and wicked French are not content with the withdrawal of the Prince of Hohenzollern, they are demanding through their envoy Benedetti a promise from the King of Prussia that he will never give his approval to the acceptance of the Spanish crown by any Prussian prince. The King quite rightly refuses to receive the envoy. So now they are arming! This news upsets us greatly.[18]

France’s behavior had angered the Prussians and the Germans, whose feelings are clearly reflected by Wagner as recorded in Cosima’s diaries. On the night of July 17, a frightful thunderstorm raged, Cosima noted, “the gods are angry with the French.”[19] Upon France’s declaration of war, Wagner remarked, “Typical of a Frenchman: he does not keep his word, but when one reminds him of it, one is obliged to fight a duel with him.”[20]

Wagner was completely content with Prussia’s representation of Germany as a whole. There is little doubt that Cosima’s thoughts mirror those of Wagner; she writes on July 17 of her “complete sympathy with Prussia.” Richard and Cosima were completely disgusted with the French. Wagner said, “The French are the putrefaction of the Renaissance.”[21] Wagner actually demanded that his friends understand how much he and Cosima hated the French character.[22]

Cosima made a typical entry on July 18 regarding the French behavior.

The more one hears of the French behavior, the more angry one becomes; a tissue of lies, ignorance, insolence, and conceit. As reason for the war Gramont and Ollivier cite the memorandum which Bismarck is said to have circulated to all foreign courts. There never was such a note — just the telegram which was published in the newspapers, and so it is all pure lies.[23]

By this time Wagner was ready to glorify war. Wagner commented: “War is something noble, it shows the unimportance of the individual; war is so to speak, a dance performed with the most dreadful of powers, like a Beethoven finale in which he unleashes all the demons in a magnificent dance.”[24]

In her entry of July 28, Cosima related information revealed to the world press by Bismarck of France’s plans of conquest that Napoleon III had entertained in 1866:

The newspapers report some splendid revelations by Bismarck; he has had the Times informed of the proposals which Benedetti unceasingly made to him (French invasion of Austria, so that they might then conquer Belgium, then supplies for the Southern states, enabling them to take over French Switzerland, and other savory things of that sort). The French do not know what to say, except that the Emperor knew nothing about it, or that Bismarck had provoked it all.[25]

By July 31, Cosima recorded Wagner’s increasingly negative views of the French, “France needs a Moltke cure,” of course referring to the Chief of the Prussian General Staff, Graf Helmuth Carl Bernard von Moltke.[26] By August 4, Wagner’s anti-French tone would switch to a pro-Bismarck, pro-unified Germany tone.

Ever-mounting pleasure in Bismarck, whose revelations show ever more clearly how wisely and at the same time how righteously he has been acting; he says he did in fact have to temporize with the French in order to enjoy at least a few years of peace. He has also forced England, by casting ceaseless aspersions on its actions, to stop supplying France with coal and ammunition — How uplifting it must be for Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg to be fighting now as a German army![27]

On August 5, in a fit of nationalistic fervor, Cosima wrote, “God bless Germany, the German army, as it is now called!”[28]

Not unlike the great wars of the 20th century, propaganda was widely used by both sides during the Franco-Prussian War. Richard’s and Cosima’s acceptance of the German perspective and categorical dismissal of French propaganda is important, not only in order to better understand their position on the Franco-Prussian war but to provide insight into what their opinions might have been on the two world wars that Germany fought against France in the 60 years following Richard’s death.

By August 6 widely varied news was appearing regarding the events of the war. Cosima leaves no room for doubt as to hers and Wagner’s position, “Who is lying and who is telling the truth; the first the French are doing, the second the Germans.”[29]

Cosima’s diary entries continue with numerous accounts of atrocities as carried out by the French.

August 13:

Our troops are advancing ever farther, God be with them, We read the most frightful accounts of the inhumanity of the French, wounded men and doctors are being murdered, one of the former had his eyes gouged out by a 14-year-old boy! It is terrible.[30]

August 23: “At Metz the French have fired on a soldier bearing a flag of truce and on his          trumpeter; thus do they persist in their inhumanity.”[31]

As the war progressed, conflicting viewpoints and various propagandized accounts reached Wagner. This only strengthened his resolve in the correctness of the German perspective. Wagner became so angry with the behavior of the French troops that he advocated the burning of Paris:

R. says he hopes Paris will be burned down — the burning of Paris would be a symbol of the world’s liberation at last from the pressure of all that is bad. R. would like to write to Bismarck, requesting him to shoot all of Paris down. Discussion of the situation, R. believes the German reports implicitly.[32]

On August 24, the day before their marriage, Cosima took the time to make the following entry, condemning the lies spread by the enemy newspapers.

The French newspapers continue to spread lies, they say that the Germans maltreat the wounded and that they seize all the young French people and force them to fight in the front line; these lies are responsible for all the terrible reprisals practiced by the French.[33]

A few days later on September 2, Wagner made his opinion on the disputed territory of Alsace and Lorraine clear with what Cosima referred to as a “terrible vehemence”: “The doctor comes and is addressed with terrible vehemence by R., because he is of the opinion that it is ‘not good’ to take Alsace and Lorraine away from the French! R. enlightens him as to the disgracefulness of a neutral policy.”[34]

Finally, with the defeat and surrender of the French, the newly married Wagners would rejoice; taking the victory personally. In the following entry, the French capitulation is viewed as a christening present for their son, Siegfried.[35]

September 3: “The entire army under Wimpffen has capitulated, Napoleon III has surrendered to the King!!! What a christening present for Fidi [Siegfried]!” [36]

Similarly, on September 4, Wagner would credit himself for somehow, mystically causing the German victory: “The news is correct, we have seen the bulletin. God in Heaven, what an outcome! ‘I am bad for the Napoleons,’ R. says. ‘When I was six months old there was the Battle of Leipzig, and now Fidi [Siegfried] is hacking up the whole of France.’”[37]

Unlike the subsequent two wars that would pit the French against the Germans, the British did not intervene on the side of the French. Bismarck’s publishing of Napoleon III’s proposal for France to be given Belgium was enough to swing the British to a neutral if not Prussian position on the war. Similarly, the publication of Napoleon III’s request for a slice of West German territory also sufficed to rally South Germany behind Prussia. In January of 1871, the German princes proclaimed the Second Reich; Wilhelm I of Prussia became the Kaiser on January 18, 1871. Ten days later the armistice was signed between France and Prussia at Versailles Palace. Bismarck achieved his great object of unifying the German peoples, with the notable exception of Austria, in six short years. Bismarck was now able to annex the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, which had originally been German and whose inhabitants were of mixed German and French stock and language. In fifty short years, Alsace and Lorraine would be lost to France as part of the vindictive Treaty of Versailles.[38]

Nicht kapitulirt!

Wagner’s politics strongly supported the new German Reich during this period and manifested itself in a number of lesser-known works. In January 1871, Wagner composed a short five-stanza poem entitled, “An das deutsche Heer vor Paris” (To the German Army before Paris) which celebrated German military conquest and the new Reich.

The ruler calls:
the weapons of a whole great race attend him,
the braggart brawls
of threat’ning arrogance o’er there to end him.
its muscles strain,
with might and main
it falls upon the hect’ring foeman:
our Germany alone breeds men not women.[39]

Wagner sent his poem to Bismarck at Versailles, who replied with congratulations on Wagner’s artistic triumph over the Parisians.[40] April of 1871 brought the first performance of the Kaisermarsch written to celebrate the coronation of Wilhelm I, a work that Wagner hoped would become a new national anthem.[41]

One of Wagner’s most criticized works of the period was A Capitulation (Eine Kapitulation). While written in 1870, the work was not published until 1873. Although William Ashton Ellis correctly explains that the work castigates the Germans as much as the French and that the parody is harmless, it is not difficult to see why a Frenchman of the time might take offense. While Wagner’s real target is indeed the Germans and their attachment to French Opera and culture as opposed to true German Art, French culture is devastatingly disparaged throughout the short play. In these years prior to the Ring cycle and Parsifal, Wagner’s music was not yet widely popular. His works were the cutting edge of the avant-garde and certainly did not compare with the popularity that composers like Gioachino Rossini and Giacomo Meyerbeer achieved at the time. Wagner relates in his preface to Eine Kapitulation that his young friend, Hans Richter “found it impossible to concoct the music à la Offenbach [that] the satire rally needed; and that taught us, in turn, that everything requires true genius and a natural gift, both of which we gladly accorded to Herr Offenbach in this department.”[42]

Wagner portrays Victor Hugo constantly popping up from the sewers of France, an obvious stab at Les Misérables. Hugo exclaims, “I am here, not through the Prussian ranks, but underneath them.” Hugo’s slithering through the bowels of Paris renders him “matter for 120 volumes.” Images of the “Holy guillotine,” and only those in the sewers finding anything to eat, Paris was undergoing a terrible shortage of food at the time. The Chorus of the National Guard sings “Republic! Republic! Republic-blic-blic!” to the strains of the can-can. The total decay and lack of values, the constant babblings of atheists and revolutionaries paint the absurd canvas. Amidst this chaos Wagner brings rats to the stage. When the cry goes up that “The city is starving” the chorus breaks into, “Rats with sauces, sauces with rats! Here, pass them, or hunger will dine off our hats!” Finally the rats metamorphose into Ladies of the French Ballet.

For all the vicious attack on French culture, it is perhaps Hugo’s final speech that is most significant. Hugo welcomes the Prussians into Paris for after all it is the Parisian culture that has forced the true Capitulation of Germany. It is important to note that Wagner originally entitled his work, Nicht kapitulirt! (Never Capitulate!).[43] “Never Capitulate!” was Wagner’s warning to the Germans. Do not give in to this alien culture. The words that Wagner put into Hugo’s concluding lines highlight his warning, “Then come quick and get yourselves frisés, parfumés, civilizés! The great nation will lend you its tone, and its terms are so foolishly easy! Send your soldiers away, while the diplomats stay!”[44]

Wagner prefaced his work by explaining, “We Germans really present a far more laughable figure; for in all their follies the French have always shewn themselves original, whereas our odious imitation of them falls far below the point of ridicule.”[45] For Wagner, the alien French renderings of true German works were horrifying. His criticism of alien influence on German art and culture originally manifested itself in Judaism in Music (Das Judenthum in der Musik), with a different target. Wagner’s most famous rendering of this theme however comes in the conclusion of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Hans Sachs’s famous speech would years later bring a largely National Socialist audience to their feet at Bayreuth[46] breaking into a spontaneous version of “Deutschland über Alles.”

Evil deeds threaten us; once the German realm and its people fall under false foreign rule, soon no king will understand his people, and they will sow the seeds of deception and falsehood in our German lands; what is German and true will no longer be known, unless it lives in the honor of the German Mastersingers.

Wagner’s attack on alien influence on German culture and art would eventually carry over to biological issues. His final prose works would address this theme often. The theme of racial decay would be carried on in the works of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Alfred Rosenberg, and Adolf Hitler.[47]

Wagner died on February 13, 1883, six years before the birth of his most infamous admirer. Today Wagner is widely denounced as the spiritual father of both National Socialism and Adolf Hitler. Some 60 years after Wagner’s death, the impact of Hitler and World War Two on Wagner’s reputation cannot be overlooked. While many contemporary Wagnerians prefer to dissociate Wagner completely from this time, it is his greatest critics who may be closest to the truth.

Researchers can only surmise what Wagner would have thought about World Wars One and Two. His strong support of the German position during the Franco-Prussian War likely provides some insight. It may be that the viewpoints of his son-in-law and ardent Wagnerian Houston Stewart Chamberlain could be representative of Wagner’s perspective on World War I. During the war, Chamberlain became one of the best-known writers supporting the German cause. Kaiser Wilhelm acknowledged his work by awarding him the Iron Cross in 1915.[48] By the time of the Second World War, the Bayreuth Festival was being run by Wagner’s daughter-in-law Winifred. While there is no way to determine if Richard would have shared his daughter-in-law’s views, Winifred is recorded in a letter written in 1947, “I more or less remained faithful until the bitter end, only because I knew this man [Hitler] to be kind, noble, and helpful. It was the man and not the Party that held me.”[49]

In 1975, an unrepentant Winifred declared in an interview with German filmmaker Hans-Jürgen Syberberg,

I shall never disavow my friendship with [Hitler]; I cannot do it . . . I am able, I mean, perhaps no one understands, but I am able completely to separate the Hitler I knew from what he is accused of these days . . . The part of him I know, so to speak, I treasure as much today as before. If Hitler came in the door today, for example, I would be just as pleased and happy as ever to see him and to have him here.[50]

If French cannon announced Wagner’s birth, it may be said that, 60 years later, Allied bombers broadcast his death. Allied warplanes bombed Bayreuth and destroyed part of his home just as Allied propaganda attacked his reputation. The low point for Wagner and Wagnerism surely came with Germany’s defeat in 1945. Dutch author Martin van Amerongen recounts, “[Americans] danced the jitterbug on [Wagner’s] grave, wearing bearskins from the theatre wardrobe.”[51] Winifred was outraged by the fact that “black soldiers danced in the Wahnfried garden with blonde German girls.”[52]

The American occupying authorities violated German law by ignoring the clause in Siegfried Wagner’s will which insisted that the Festspielhaus be reserved exclusively for his father’s works. Wagner’s Festspielhaus, a lasting monument to the pinnacle of Western art and culture, was turned into an American soldiers’ dive and space was allotted for an All-Girl Revue. After the crudeness of the “All-Girl Revue” foreign operas such as La Traviata and Madame Butterfly were performed on Wagner’s stage.

It was apparent that the Allies did not care much for German honor, art, or values; if they cared at all, it was only to defile them.[53] At the time the idea even surfaced to convert the Festspielhaus into a theater reserved only for the music of composers who had been persecuted by Hitler’s National Socialist regime.[54]

After a seven-year hiatus, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus was considered cleansed of National Socialist influence. In 1951 Wagner’s works, now sufficiently de-Germanized, were once again performed. What had once been a near-religious rite had now been secularized. Author Frederic Spotts comments, “By the time it ended, it no doubt remained that the old orthodoxy in interpreting and staging Wagnerian opera had been irreparably shattered.”[55]

This was a new Bayreuth for a new Germany. No longer would Wagner’s works be representative of German honor, art, and values but rather of a timeless, nationless psychological and symbolic world. Today the denigration of true German honor, art, and values is widespread as is the more generalized attack on the honor, art, and values of the West. For those who choose to defend it, Wagner’s admonition, Nicht kapitulirt! should never be forgotten.

In fact, it should become a rallying cry.

Notes